Is Trampoline an Olympic Sport? History, Rules, Scoring, and How to Watch

Key Takeaways

  • Trampoline is an Olympic sport: Trampoline Gymnastics debuted at Sydney 2000 and has been part of every Summer Games since.
  • Events and quotas: Two medal events—men’s and women’s individual—with small fields (typically 16 athletes per gender).
  • No synchronized at the Olympics: Only individual trampoline is contested; synchronized appears at World Championships, not the Games.
  • Scoring basics: Routines are judged on Execution and Difficulty, with electronic Time of Flight and Horizontal Displacement included.
  • Format and governance: Qualification rounds lead to a single-routine final; rules and apparatus are standardized by FIG under IOC oversight.

Ever wonder if bouncing on a trampoline makes the Olympic cut? I did too. The flips and twists look like pure joy yet the pressure feels intense. So is trampoline an Olympic sport?

In this quick guide I share what the event is called how it fits into the Games and why it deserves a spot. I’ll touch on the basics the scoring and the path that put it on the Olympic stage. Stick with me if you want a clear answer and a fast tour.

Is Trampoline an Olympic Sport?

Trampoline is an Olympic sport. The IOC added trampoline gymnastics to the Olympic program at Sydney 2000, and the sport has remained on the program at every Summer Games since then [IOC, Olympics.com], [FIG].

Key Olympic facts

  • Status: Core Olympic sport in the Gymnastics program, governed by the FIG [IOC, FIG].
  • Discipline: Trampoline Gymnastics, not Artistic or Rhythmic [FIG].
  • Events: Two medal events, for example men’s individual, women’s individual [IOC].
  • Program: No synchronized trampoline at the Olympics, synchronized appears at World Championships [FIG].
  • Field: Small athlete quotas, for example 16 men, 16 women, total 32 [IOC].
  • Format: Qualification round then final, with compulsory and optional routines defined by FIG rules [FIG].
  • Scoring: Combined panels and instruments, for example execution, difficulty, time of flight, horizontal displacement, with penalties deducted [FIG].
  • Governance: International rules set by the FIG Code of Points, Olympic oversight by the IOC [FIG, IOC].

Numbers at a glance

ItemValue
Olympic debut year2000
Medal events2
Athlete quota total32
Men’s quota16
Women’s quota16

How Olympic trampoline works

  • Routines: Athletes perform 10-skill sequences on a 4.28 m by 2.14 m bed, with somersaults and twists specified by FIG symbols [FIG].
  • Qualification: Scores rank athletes for finals, the top ranks advance, ties break by FIG tie rules [FIG].
  • Finals: One routine decides medals, highest total wins, execution breaks ties if totals match [FIG].
  • Judging: Panels cover execution and difficulty, devices capture time of flight and horizontal displacement, for example ToF sensors, HD cameras [FIG].
  • Safety: Coaches use spotting belts in training, competition relies on side mats and FIG equipment specs [FIG].

Why trampoline belongs in the Olympics

  • Athletic demand: High airtime, rotational control, spatial precision, for example triple somersaults, 1.5 twists.
  • Spectator clarity: Real-time ToF and HD values display, higher numbers reflect higher performance [FIG].
  • Global governance: Standardized apparatus and scoring ensure comparability across NOCs and events [FIG, IOC].
  • IOC sport overview, Trampoline Gymnastics: https://olympics.com/en/sports/trampoline-gymnastics/
  • FIG, Trampoline Gymnastics Code of Points 2022–2024: https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/rules/rules.php?discipline=7

How Trampoline Entered the Olympics

Trampoline became an Olympic sport through formal governance, consistent world-level competition, and IOC approval. I trace the path from backyard fun to a judged Olympic discipline.

From Backyard Fun to Competitive Discipline

Trampoline evolved from entertainment and training into a codified sport. I ground this shift in federation milestones, codified rules, and world championships.

  • Invented: George Nissen and Larry Griswold built the first modern trampoline in the 1930s, with a US patent in 1945 (Britannica, US Patent).
  • Organized: The International Trampoline Federation formed in 1964 alongside the first World Championships in London, after widespread club growth in Europe and North America (FIG).
  • Integrated: FIG absorbed FIT in 1998, aligning trampoline with artistic and rhythmic gymnastics under one global code, if you track governance history (FIG).
  • Standardized: FIG introduced objective measures, like Time of Flight and Horizontal Displacement, to complement difficulty and execution, once reliable electronics matured (FIG Code of Points).

Table: Key milestones

YearMilestoneSource
1930sModern trampoline created by Nissen and GriswoldBritannica
1945US patent granted for trampoline apparatusUSPTO
1964First Trampoline World Championships, FIT foundedFIG
1998FIT merged into FIGFIG
1997IOC approved trampoline for Sydney 2000IOC

Debut and Evolution Since Sydney 2000

Trampoline debuted at Sydney 2000 with men’s and women’s individual events under the gymnastics program. I map what changed and what stayed constant.

  • Debuted: The IOC Executive Board approved inclusion in 1997, and athletes competed for 2 golds in 2000, if you count medal events by gender (IOC).
  • Maintained: The Olympics kept 2 individual events and small quotas across cycles, like 16 men and 16 women for Tokyo 2020 and Paris 2024, to preserve quality and apparatus limits (IOC Qualification Systems).
  • Refined: FIG added Time of Flight to Olympic scoring by London 2012, then implemented electronic Horizontal Displacement by Tokyo 2020, to improve objectivity and spectator clarity (FIG Code of Points 2013–2016, 2017–2020).
  • Aligned: Qualification centered on World Championships and World Cup rankings, then confirmed spots by NOCs, once FIG and IOC harmonized pathways for parity across gymnastics disciplines (IOC, FIG).

Table: Olympic status snapshot

EditionEventsAthlete QuotaScoring AdditionsSources
Sydney 2000212 men, 12 womenExecution, DifficultyIOC
London 2012216 men, 16 womenTime of Flight addedFIG, IOC
Tokyo 2020216 men, 16 womenHorizontal Displacement addedFIG, IOC
Paris 2024216 men, 16 womenToF + HD + E + DFIG, IOC

Sources: International Olympic Committee (olympics.com), Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique Code of Points and history pages, Encyclopaedia Britannica, United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Events Contested at the Olympics

I cover the two medal events and how athletes structure routines in Olympic trampoline sport. I keep the facts tight for Paris-level context.

Men’s and Women’s Individual Trampoline

Men’s and women’s individual trampoline make up the Olympic program for trampoline gymnastics. I confirm there are two medal events, governed by the IOC and FIG, with equal quotas for men and women, sourced to IOC and FIG event documentation, IOC 2024, FIG 2022.

  • Events: Men’s Individual Trampoline, Women’s Individual Trampoline
  • Phases: Qualification, Final
  • Routines: Two in qualification, One in final
  • Scoring panels: Execution, Difficulty, Time of Flight, Horizontal Displacement
ItemMenWomenSource
Medal events11IOC 2024
Athlete quota1616IOC 2024
Finalists88FIG 2022

Routine Structure and Difficulty

Routine structure and difficulty define how Olympic trampoline performances get judged. I outline the 10-skill routine format, the qualification split, and the scoring modules per the FIG Trampoline Code of Points, FIG 2022.

  • Format: 10 skills per routine, straight jumps or elements, somersaults and twists counted as elements
  • Qualification: One required routine with element restrictions, One optional routine with maximum difficulty
  • Final: One optional routine, highest total score ranks first
  • Difficulty: Sum of element values, twisting and somersault complexity raise D-score
  • Execution: Five judges score form and control, highest and lowest drop, middle scores average
  • Time of Flight: Total airborne time across 10 skills, higher time increases score
  • Horizontal Displacement: Bed landing accuracy from center, less travel scores higher
  • Penalties: Out-of-trampoline landings or interruptions deduct points or void routines

Facts align with FIG Trampoline Gymnastics Code of Points 2022–2024 and Olympic competition formats, FIG 2022, IOC 2024.

Scoring, Judging, and Equipment Standards

I explain how judges score a trampoline Olympic sport routine and how equipment standards keep results comparable. I anchor each detail in current FIG rules and apparatus norms.

Time of Flight, Horizontal Displacement, and Execution

I track the core scoring blocks that decide rankings in qualification and finals.

ComponentWhat it capturesHow measuredJudge or deviceNumeric scope
Time of Flight (ToF)Total air time across 10 skillsPressure or infrared sensors in the bedFIG‑homologated device0.001 s resolution, higher is better (FIG Code of Points 2022–2024)
Horizontal Displacement (HD)Lateral travel from the center during contactsElectronic bed mapping with zonesFIG‑homologated device0.0–0.3 deduction per skill by zone, lower is better (FIG Code of Points 2022–2024)
Execution (E)Form and control on each elementJudge deductions per contact5 judges, highest and lowest droppedUp to 0.5 deduction per skill, remaining 3 scores summed, max 30.0 (FIG Code of Points 2022–2024)
Difficulty (D)Skill tariff sumElement values by codeDifficulty judgesOpen score, typical elite totals 14–18 in finals (FIG Code of Points 2022–2024)
  • Apply ToF as a separate additive score, once the device reports total time across 10 contacts.
  • Apply HD deductions per contact, once the athlete lands outside smaller zones.
  • Apply execution deductions per contact, once form faults appear, for example legs apart 0.1, bent hips 0.3.
  • Combine D, E, ToF, and HD to get the routine total, once penalties and neutral deductions exist.

I keep the routine centered and tall to maximize ToF, minimize HD, and protect E, if conditions such as bed control and line discipline hold (FIG Trampoline Code of Points 2022–2024).

Trampoline Specs and Safety Protocols

I rely on FIG apparatus norms so every Olympic sport setup matches the same baseline.

SpecValueStandard
Bed size4.28 m × 2.14 mFIG Apparatus Norms
Frame height≈1.15 m from floorFIG Apparatus Norms
End decksAt both ends with integrated paddingFIG Apparatus Norms
Safety matsSurrounding mats, minimum 20 cm thicknessFIG Apparatus Norms
Center markingVisible cross at bed centerFIG Apparatus Norms
Measurement systemsFIG‑homologated ToF and HD devicesFIG Equipment Regulations
  • Position end decks flush with the frame, once the trampoline stands level on a firm floor.
  • Secure safety mats around the frame, once officials certify clear run‑off space.
  • Calibrate ToF and HD systems before competition, once the warm‑up window opens.
  • Inspect springs, bed, and frame for damage, once daily equipment control starts.

I follow these norms so scores from any venue compare to the same reference, if FIG homologation and event control logs confirm compliance (FIG Apparatus Norms; FIG Trampoline Code of Points 2022–2024).

Qualification and Path to the Games

I map trampoline’s route to the Olympics through FIG-run qualifiers and NOC-run selections. I keep it simple, since quotas go to countries first, then athletes.

ItemValue
Total athletes32 (16 men, 16 women)
Medal events2 (men’s, women’s individual)
Max per NOC2 per gender
Quota typeNOC quota places, not named athletes

Sources: IOC Qualification System for Paris 2024, FIG Trampoline Gymnastics Rules and Paris 2024 Qualification System.

World Championships and Continental Quotas

I target the previous-year FIG Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships to earn primary quota places, since the IOC and FIG assign most spots through Worlds results.

I track the FIG Trampoline World Cup Series standing across the qualification window to secure additional quota places, since FIG aggregates points from designated World Cups.

I watch continental championships, like Europe, Pan America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, to confirm one-per-continent access, since the IOC and FIG ensure geographic representation.

I account for the host-nation place and for reallocation rules, to resolve unused or duplicate quotas within the 2-per-NOC cap.

Key constraints:

  • Quotas go to NOCs, not individuals, per IOC/FIG policy.
  • A country enters up to 2 athletes per gender if 2 quotas earned.
  • A previous World Championships medal or a World Cup win doesn’t auto-name an Olympian, unless the NOC’s policy states so.

References: IOC Paris 2024 Qualification System, FIG Trampoline Technical Regulations and World Cup Standing Rules.

National Trials and Selection

I follow my NOC’s selection policy to turn quotas into athlete nominations, since each federation sets objective criteria.

I expect multi-event trials, for example national championships plus selection camps, to rank athletes with FIG-aligned scoring.

I verify readiness standards, like difficulty averages, time-of-flight consistency, and horizontal displacement control, to satisfy performance thresholds.

I complete eligibility checks, like nationality, age, and anti-doping compliance, to finalize selection for Olympic entry.

Typical selector inputs:

  • Results weighting, for example 40% national championship, 40% trials final, 20% international form.
  • Panel reviews using FIG judging panels or FIG-certified judges.
  • Tie-breakers using E-score averages, then time-of-flight totals.

Sources: IOC Olympic Charter (eligibility), FIG Code of Points for Trampoline, NOC-by-NOC selection policies (for example USA Gymnastics, British Gymnastics).

Icons and Memorable Moments

Icons define Olympic trampoline through medal streaks and breakthrough firsts. I highlight the names, years, and routines that shaped this Olympic sport.

Pioneers, Champions, and Record Setters

  • Alexander Moskalenko — I note the first men’s Olympic champion in Sydney 2000, also a multiple world champion, source IOC Olympics.com, FIG.
  • Irina Karavaeva — I note the first women’s Olympic champion in Sydney 2000, a technical pioneer in difficulty, source IOC Olympics.com, FIG.
  • Anna Dogonadze — I recall the Athens 2004 women’s champion for Germany after a long comeback path, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Yuri Nikitin — I mark the Athens 2004 men’s champion for Ukraine with clean execution, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • He Wenna — I record the Beijing 2008 women’s champion for China, a milestone for the host nation, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Lu Chunlong — I record the Beijing 2008 men’s champion for China, a home gold under pressure, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Rosannagh MacLennan — I emphasize back to back Olympic titles in London 2012 and Rio 2016, the only trampoline athlete with two golds, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Dong Dong — I highlight the all time Olympic medal leader in trampoline with 4 medals, bronze 2008, gold 2012, silver 2016, silver 2020, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Uladzislau Hancharou — I flag the Rio 2016 men’s champion for Belarus with crisp time of flight, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Zhu Xueying — I spotlight the Tokyo 2020 women’s champion for China, part of a deep national program, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Ivan Litvinovich — I spotlight the Tokyo 2020 men’s champion for Belarus after a high difficulty final, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Dylan Schmidt — I celebrate New Zealand’s first Olympic trampoline medal, bronze in Tokyo 2020, a national first, source IOC Olympics.com.
AthleteNationOlympic medalsGoldsGames spanSource
Dong DongCHN412008–2020IOC Olympics.com
Rosannagh MacLennanCAN222012–2016IOC Olympics.com
Alexander MoskalenkoRUS112000IOC Olympics.com
Irina KaravaevaRUS112000IOC Olympics.com
Lu ChunlongCHN112008IOC Olympics.com
He WennaCHN112008IOC Olympics.com
Yuri NikitinUKR112004IOC Olympics.com
Anna DogonadzeGER112004IOC Olympics.com
Uladzislau HancharouBLR112016IOC Olympics.com
Ivan LitvinovichBLR112020IOC Olympics.com
Dylan SchmidtNZL102020IOC Olympics.com
  • Breakthroughs — I track firsts that signpost growth, first Olympic champions in 2000, first Chinese double gold day in 2008, first New Zealand medal in 2020, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Dominance — I track sustained excellence, Dong Dong’s four medal run across four Games, Team China depth across 2008 to 2020, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Longevity — I track careers that spanned eras, Dogonadze’s win at age 31 in 2004, MacLennan’s title defense in 2016, source IOC Olympics.com.
  • Craft — I track performance traits that decide podiums, clean execution, long time of flight, stable horizontal displacement under FIG code, source FIG.

How Olympic Trampoline Differs from Other Gymnastics

I compare Olympic trampoline with its closest FIG disciplines to show how the Olympic sport stands apart. I focus on apparatus, routine design, scoring, and Olympic status.

Trampoline vs. Tumbling and Double Mini

I contrast the three FIG trampoline disciplines, using current Codes of Points from FIG and Olympic policy from the IOC.

DisciplineOlympic statusRoutine structureApparatus sizeScoring componentsPrimary source
Individual TrampolineYes10 skills per routine, 2 in qualification, 1 in finalBed 4.28 m x 2.14 m, frame height ~1.15 mExecution, Difficulty, Time of Flight, Horizontal DisplacementFIG Trampoline Code of Points, IOC sport entry
TumblingNo8 skills per pass, multiple passes per phaseTrack length 25 m, width 2 mExecution, Difficulty, landing deductionsFIG Tumbling Code of Points
Double Mini TrampolineNo2 skills per pass, mount then dismount, multiple passes per phaseBed length ~2.8 m, width ~1.0 m, height ~0.7 mExecution, Difficulty, landing deductionsFIG Double Mini Code of Points
  • Apparatus: I jump on a full-size trampoline bed with side decks and end decks, tumblers sprint down a fiberglass rod floor, double mini athletes hit a small two-zone trampoline.
  • Routine: I perform one continuous 10-skill routine, tumblers connect 8 acro elements down the track, double mini athletes link a mount skill to a dismount skill per pass.
  • Scoring: I gain Time of Flight and Horizontal Displacement in Olympic trampoline, tumbling and double mini score only Execution and Difficulty with landings prominent.
  • Stability: I manage center-of-bed control for horizontal displacement, tumblers manage line control along the track, double mini athletes manage board entry and mount angle.
  • Skills: I use multiple twisting somersaults like triple with 540 or 720 twist, tumblers use whip and double layouts, double mini athletes use mount half in rudi out examples.
  • Event status: I compete in the Olympic program under FIG and IOC governance, tumbling and double mini compete at FIG World Championships only.

How to Watch and What to Look For

I watch Olympic trampoline with the scoreboard in mind, not just the airtime. I track execution, difficulty, time of flight, and horizontal displacement in real time, then I match them to what I see on the bed.

Key Skills and Common Deductions

Watch the set up bounce before skill 1, example single straight jump, since it locks the takeoff line.

Watch the core skills across 10 contacts, examples full in, triple tuck, rudy out, since they build difficulty fast.

Watch the shapes in the air, examples straight, pike, tuck, since clean lines protect execution.

Watch the twist timing, examples early full, late rudy, since off-axis twist risks travel.

Watch the bed contact, examples dead stop, double bounce, since instability signals deductions.

Watch the lift on every contact, examples 0.5 m rise, 1.0 m rise, since airtime drives time of flight.

Watch the landing zone, examples center cross, outer box, since drift lowers horizontal displacement.

Watch the routine control, examples pause after skill 7, under-rotation on 10, since breaks or falls end the score.

Notice these objective scoreboard parts if the feed shows numbers.

ComponentWhat I trackTypical elite valuesWhy it moves
Execution (E)Fewer visible form faults per skill8.5 to 9.5Judges subtract for bent legs, pike angle, leg split, late twist, uncontrolled landing per contact, then panels combine scores (FIG, Code of Points 2022–2024)
Difficulty (D)Sum of flips and twists over 10 skills14.0 to 18.0Extra somersaults, more twists, and harder dismounts raise D, composition limits prevent repeats for value credit (FIG, CoP 2022–2024)
Time of Flight (ToF)Airborne time in seconds over the routine16.5 to 19.0 sHigher jumps increase ToF, low contacts or incomplete routine cut it, electronic sensors time every phase (FIG, CoP 2022–2024)
Horizontal Displacement (HD)Centered landings across the bed9.0 to 10.0Landings away from the cross draw deductions per contact, consistent center hits keep HD high, optical or contact systems record zones (FIG, CoP 2022–2024)

Expect these common deductions across routines.

  • Expect knee and hip angle faults, examples 10 to 30 degrees bend, since lines break under load.
  • Expect leg separation, examples 5 to 20 cm split, since twist entries open.
  • Expect travel, examples 0.3 m drift to end decks, since early twist changes the axis.
  • Expect height loss, examples 0.2 to 0.5 s ToF drop after skill 6, since fatigue stacks.
  • Expect arm form errors, examples asymmetry on takeoff, since rushed set up kills balance.
  • Expect contact instability, examples double contact, since soft landings absorb power.
  • Expect interruption, examples seat drop, since any non-somersault breaks the routine and ends scoring.
  • Expect out of bounds or fall, examples pad step, mat fall, since missed axis forces bail and zeroes remaining contacts.

Follow the broadcast flow like this.

  • Track the 30 s routine window, examples 18 s ToF, 12 s ground time, since the routine ends on the 10th contact.
  • Track the two-then-one format, examples 2 qualification routines, 1 final routine, since only the final routine decides medals under FIG rules.
  • Track the tie-break order, examples higher E, higher ToF, higher HD, since the panel resolves same totals by component priority set in the CoP.

Sources: International Gymnastics Federation, Trampoline Gymnastics Code of Points 2022–2024, Apparatus Norms for Trampoline, and IOC Olympic competition format pages for Gymnastics Trampoline.

Conclusion

I hope this guide left you excited to follow trampoline with fresh eyes. For me the best part is the blend of artistry and nerve that you can feel on every bounce. It rewards patience focus and a love of detail.

If this sparked your curiosity try watching a full session or drop by a local gym to see training up close. Share your favorite routines or questions with me and I’ll help you spot the little things that make a big difference. Here is to more airtime more insights and more joy the next time the athletes take flight.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is trampoline an Olympic sport?

Yes. Trampoline gymnastics has been an Olympic sport since the Sydney 2000 Games. It remains a core discipline within the Olympic gymnastics program, with events for men and women.

What is Olympic trampoline officially called?

It’s officially called “Trampoline Gymnastics,” often shortened to “Olympic trampoline” or “individual trampoline” in broadcast and schedules.

How many Olympic trampoline events are there?

There are two medal events: men’s individual trampoline and women’s individual trampoline. There are no synchronized or team events at the Olympics.

How does Olympic trampoline scoring work?

Scores combine four parts: execution (form and control), difficulty (skill value), time of flight (airtime), and horizontal displacement (how centered landings are). Judges panel each area, and penalties are deducted for errors like travel, bent legs, incomplete twists, or unstable landings.

What are time of flight and horizontal displacement?

Time of flight measures how long the athlete stays in the air across the routine. Horizontal displacement tracks how close each landing is to the trampoline’s center. More airtime and tighter, centered landings boost scores; drifting or short airtime lowers them.

What is the Olympic trampoline competition format?

Athletes do two routines in qualification and one routine in the final. The top qualifiers advance to the final, where scores reset. Each routine has 10 skills, performed in sequence without pauses.

How do athletes qualify for Olympic trampoline?

Quotas are earned through FIG events: World Championships and the World Cup Series, with continental championships aiding representation. National Olympic Committees then select athletes via trials and policies, confirming eligibility and readiness.

How many athletes compete at the Olympics?

Thirty-two total athletes compete: 16 men and 16 women. Each National Olympic Committee can qualify up to two athletes per gender.

Who governs Olympic trampoline?

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) includes the sport on the program, while the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) sets rules, judging standards, qualification systems, and equipment specs.

What equipment is used in Olympic trampoline?

FIG-approved trampolines with standardized bed size, frame height, springs, and safety mats. Certified measurement systems record time of flight and horizontal displacement for accurate, real-time scoring.

How is Olympic trampoline different from tumbling and double mini?

Individual trampoline is the only FIG trampoline discipline in the Olympics. It uses a large trampoline and 10-skill routines with time of flight and horizontal displacement. Tumbling (on a sprung track) and double mini trampoline (two-phase vault-style passes) are not Olympic events.

Who are some notable Olympic trampoline champions?

Standouts include Alexander Moskalenko and Irina Karavaeva (first champions in 2000), Dong Dong (four Olympic medals), Rosannagh MacLennan (back-to-back golds), and milestones like China’s double gold in 2008 and New Zealand’s first medal in 2020.

What should I watch for during a routine?

Look for high, straight jumps; clean body shapes; precise twist timing; minimal travel; and a controlled finish. Setup bounces should be steady, and landings centered. Real-time scoring helps you see execution, difficulty, airtime, and displacement as they happen.

How are ties resolved in Olympic trampoline?

FIG tie-breaks usually compare higher execution first, then other components like difficulty or time of flight. If still tied, further criteria or previous-round rankings can apply, per the current FIG Code of Points.

Why does trampoline deserve its Olympic place?

It demands elite airtime control, complex twists and somersaults, precision landings, and consistent form under pressure. Clear, real-time scoring and standardized rules make it fair, technical, and exciting to watch on the Olympic stage.

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